CO2長期監測器 原理、使用限制之探討 - 水族

By Rosalind
at 2011-10-30T03:07
at 2011-10-30T03:07
Table of Contents
內容不太好讀的網誌版: http://kazemi.pixnet.net/blog/post/27541020
-------------------------------我是分隔線------------------------------------
自20年前水草養植引進高壓CO2的做法後,就有玩草前輩們試著找出測量的方法。
市售CO2 指示器種類眾多,幾乎只要是水族相關廠商至少就會出一種來賣
UP、ISTA、Azoo、ADA、CAL、Dennerle、Tropica、PM....etc
究~~~竟對種水草有沒有幫助? 測得準嗎? 是運用什麼原理呢?
長期監測器 裡面的說明書一定會這麼寫:
1. 將監測器打開,加入2~3滴的指示劑
2. 在槽中加入魚缸水至水線
3. (蓋上蓋子)將監測器倒置,至吸在距魚缸水面10cm處
也會附上一張CO2濃度比色表
http://i.imgur.com/4BYEr.jpg
原理說穿了不過就是 一個化學平衡式、一張對照表、一種再平凡不過的酸鹼指示劑
I.先講最簡單的 溴瑞香草藍液 (BTB, Bromothymol blue) 是一種酸鹼指示劑
http://i.imgur.com/8UYpK.jpg
對六、七年級生而言,應該有在小學自然課學過這個東西,應該不陌生吧
http://i.imgur.com/dKnkD.png
‧pH<6的情況下 BTB得到H+ 左邊結構式的濃度高 呈黃色
‧pH>7.6的情況下 BTB失去H+ 大多轉為右邊的結構式 呈藍色
‧在pH=7.1的?況下 兩種結構式的濃度相等 黃藍各半 呈綠色
II.下圖是一個 CO2溶進水裡形成炭酸、炭酸再解離成碳酸氫根和氫離子的反應平衡式
http://i.imgur.com/cZrrr.png
‧三部份並非各自獨立、皆為可逆反應
‧除了濃度之外,也會受溫度、壓力、空間中的氣體分壓所影響
‧(g)表氣態、(l)表液態、(aq)表溶液
http://i.imgur.com/wXWS8.jpg
1. 根據平衡式我們知道水中的炭酸也會變成氣態CO2經水面逸散到空氣中
同理也會穿過監測器的液面進到氣室中,如圖中的A。
2. 當氣室中的CO2分壓達到水面逸散的CO2壓力,氣室的CO2就會
溶入試劑中;直到魚缸水、氣室、試劑三者壓力相等,監測器的水面
便不會再逸散CO2,此時三者的壓力等於魚缸中CO2分壓。
根據理想氣體方程式 PV=nRT, 分子量(n,也可解釋為濃度)正比於壓力。
反之亦然B。
3. 溶進試劑中的CO2走平衡式的後半段,溶進水中解離出HCO3-及H+
根據氫離子的多寡決定試劑的pH值,讓試劑變了顏色。
III.再來看看這張 水中pH、KH對CO2濃度圖表:
http://i.imgur.com/qI0IP.jpg
(表為25度C、1atm下)
對照上面的表來看會發現一些問題....
舉例來說:
某A是下港國人 缸子底土是不具軟水能力的矽砂, KH10 ; pH6.8
水滴進監測器就是綠色的,但我的水草看起來就是缺碳的樣子,
這樣是夠還是不夠啊?CO2要打到一秒幾顆啊@_@||(暈
某B的缸子是用ADA黑土 本身有降酸 軟水的作用 KH 0 ; pH5.8
水滴進監測器就是黃色的,不用打CO2了 XDDD
指示劑雖然顯示黃色,實際上水中CO2的濃度是無法測量的,
因為原本水中H+就過高,並非高濃度CO2造成的黃色。
某C金錢豹幹部的缸子 換水用自來水 無土沉木莫絲鐵皇冠缸, KH 6 pH8.0
水滴進監測器就是藍色的,不管CO2打多打少怎麼打都是適量
穩定不穩定也不知道,只看到沉木上一堆黑毛...
〔KH 根據環保署對各水庫水質的檢測數據 http://ppt.cc/y-F!
天龍國水KH值: 0~1dH;下港國水KH值:8~13dH;金錢豹的故鄉水KH值:5~7 dH
單位為德制應度,換算公式為 1dH = 17.8 ppm CaCO3﹞
這樣知道我的意思了嗎? 不要傻傻的照說明書寫的把魚缸水加進監測器裡
會造成監測器的誤差,就像是沒規零的磅秤一樣。
(不過如果您是使用CAL的產品,就不用怕了,因為該產品內含KH4標準液....
http://www.greenleafaquariums.com/co2-drop-checkers.html )
玩草玩久的人都知道 草缸理想CO2濃度落在15~30ppm之間
我們要讓監測器發揮最敏銳的監測效果,就要把這段濃度曲線放在
指示劑變色的區段(pH6~8之間)。而且只要濃度增加一點點顏色變化就很大。
對照上面的pH/KH/CO2表來看
KH值愈大,CO2濃度對顏色改變的敏銳度愈差
KH值愈小則愈敏銳,但KH0-1不適合,因為超出範圍了,KH2-4就頗為理想了。
那要如何配出試劑專用的KH2~4的水呢?
最常見的是KH4標準溶液配法:
1.取6g小蘇打粉(NAHCO3)溶於1L蒸餾水中; 此水即為200dH水溶液
2.拿10cc加入490cc蒸餾水,便得到 4dH 水溶液 500cc
結語:
如果說氣態CO2是水草主要吸收利用的碳源,
那麼能偵測水中CO2分壓的CO2長期監測器應該是種針對性很高的儀器。
但仍有幾個小缺點:
1. 試劑需要用4dH水校正。
2. 達到平衡常需要1~2小時的時間,無法反應"即時"CO2濃度。
3. 受到許多變因影響,無法準確告訴我們CO2濃度。
我自己也曾懷疑這東西到底準不準過,但經過這次review一些文章
回憶一些國高中的化學...比較有概念多了XD
如果只是想知道平均而言CO2在缸內的濃度差不多是落在那個範圍內
那正確的使用這個小東西,應該就足夠了。
Reference:
1.http://aquatic-art.blogspot.com/2011/02/drop-checker-in-planted-aquarium.html
2.http://aquaticconcepts.thekrib.com/Articles/Water_Chemistry.htm
3.http://jpkc.cug.edu.cn/08jpkc/lamlsl/kj-2/04/4.3.htm
4.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bromothymol_blue
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