生食與抗藥性 - 貓
By Faithe
at 2022-08-29T22:12
at 2022-08-29T22:12
Table of Contents
發現有不少版友對於抗生素抗藥性的問題不是很清楚,因此寫了篇科普文章。
1. 抗生素及抗藥性
抗生素(antibiotic)是用來殺死或抑制細菌生長的藥物的總稱,在臨床醫學上是被用來對
抗細菌感染最主要和最重要的手段。而抗生素抗藥性 (antibiotic resistance) (以下簡
稱抗藥性)則意指抗生素無法有效抑制細菌成長或殺死細菌的情況。由於細菌突變的速率
相當快,因此透過突變而產生抗藥性的速率也非常快,而助長抗藥性產生的因素還有給藥
的濃度過低,未按時給藥、確實完成療程,和抗生素濫用等等。
抗藥性是一個嚴重被一般大眾低估或忽略的議題,原因如上面所提到,細菌透過突變而產
生抗藥性的速率是遠高過於研發新的抗生素的速度,能使用的抗生素本來就選擇有限,若
細菌具有多重抗藥性,就會使細菌感染的治療更加棘手。一定有人會說,抗藥性哪有那麼
常見,都是獸醫在那邊危言聳聽,手邊剛好有幾個例子
https://imgur.com/w9ta54x
對於七種抗生素中的五種有抗藥性
https://imgur.com/gwBgMbu
對於九種抗生素種的七種有抗藥性
所以,抗藥性是真實存在,且比大家想像中的遠要常見及嚴重。
那如果受到具有多重抗藥性的細菌感染,卻沒有任何一種抗生素有用的話呢? 抱歉,只能
自求多福,祈禱自身的免疫系統夠強壯了。
講完抗藥性,接下來講講生食跟抗藥性的關聯,以及為什麼飼主不該在有其他可行餵食方
式的情況下選擇生食。
2. 生食與抗藥性細菌的相關性
BSAVA (英國小動物獸醫協會)在2019年發表的期刊論文,簡單翻譯便是生食中的腸桿菌數
通常超標,而這些細菌又常常帶有對重要抗生素產生抗藥性的基因編碼,餵食生食的家寵
增加了散發這些具有抗藥性細菌的風險。
https://imgur.com/a/KCeBW7G
而在c版友提供,在今年Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 上刊載的一篇論文中
提到 “本研究顯示餵食生食與排泄抗藥性大腸桿菌有關聯,而本研究也同意之前普遍對
於餵食生食的狗與抗藥性大腸桿菌的散落有關的觀察,並增加了餵食生食具有重大公衛問
題的證據。” (小知識,基本上,在統計學中樣本數大於30便被認為是大樣本並具有統計
意義。)
https://imgur.com/awpsNjk
另,在這篇論文裡的數據,驗出具有抗藥性細菌的比例
餵生食的狗: 其他餵食方式的狗 = 12% : 3%
覺得證據太少?
https://imgur.com/ccoiTbb
在這篇2017年刊載於獸醫微生物期刊(Veterinary Microbiology)中的論文也提到,餵食
生雞肉是攜帶抗藥性大腸桿菌的危險因子。
另外這篇2015 美國抗生素與化學療法期刊(American Society for Microbiology)的研究
https://imgur.com/BSXdKjB
在這篇研究裡60%帶有抗藥性大腸桿菌的受試犬有食用生食,餵食生食也與驗出抗藥性大
腸桿菌有正相關。
https://imgur.com/cKaF6gE
另一篇在2015 年獸醫預防醫學 (Preventive Veterinary Medicine) 的論文數據顯示,
在”未使用抗生素”,”未看過獸醫”,”健康”的受試犬中,食用生食與抗藥性大腸桿
菌有顯著相關。
https://imgur.com/y7SwXB2
這裡有幾個關鍵字,”未使用抗生素”以及”健康”。首先,抗生素的頻繁使用是造成抗
藥性的主因之一,這份論文裡的”未使用抗生素”條件就將”使用過抗生素”這個很重要
的變因去除,代表在這些餵食生食的犬隻中,抗藥性的產生與抗生素的使用完全無關。再
來就是”健康”,這代表了這些犬隻就是完美的”無症狀帶原者”範例,邊走邊散落抗藥
性細菌而無人知曉。
簡單結論,獸醫並不是無腦反生食,也不是什麼為了要賣飼料賺錢這種狗屁倒灶的陰謀論
,而是生食真的存在很嚴重的公衛問題,且這些問題往往最後都是要獸醫來擦屁股。任何
餵飼方式都有風險,不是說主食罐或乾飼料就沒有細菌汙染的問題,但重點是生食造成問
題的風險比其他餵飼方式高出太多,又沒有研究證據佐證有實質的優點,若非真的有醫療
需求只能餵生食,憑什麼要讓其他人(獸醫、飼主)一起承擔風險呢?
文末murmur,不想看可以跳過:
現在網路發達,資訊的傳遞很快,飼主很輕易可以從網路上查到各種資訊,但最大的隱憂
是,這些資訊真的是正確的嗎?一堆關於貓狗的網路資訊都互相抄來抄去,頂多換個字句
語法,有多少飼主會真的去查證背後的真實性?尤其是第一手資訊通常都是研究論文,真
正會上網且能夠真的看得懂研究論文的飼主寥寥可數,這讓台灣的飼主教育特別窒礙難行
。三人成虎相信大家都聽過,當網路上錯誤的資訊抄來抄去,或是利用話術來帶起潮流
(反正真正會去查或是有能力查證的消費者很少),到最後反而會讓獸醫的話聽起來像是錯
誤的。例如現在沒有研究證實腎病跟飲水量有正相關,但往往可以看到"長期吃乾飼料會
導致飲水量不足造成腎病"的資訊,或是明明肥胖是與熱量攝取有關,卻一直看到"飼料
吃多容易胖”這種留言,然而事實是不管吃的是乾飼料、主食、鮮食,任何一種餵飼方式
吃多了都容易胖,因為熱量攝取超出身體所需。現在網路上的錯誤資訊真的太多太多了,
希望飼主在查詢資訊的同時也諮詢獸醫,而非網路上說什麼就信什麼,謝謝。
--
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